?? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????
???????:2025-05-12 ??????:??????? ??????:889
????? ???? ??????????
1 - ?????? ?? ?????? ?????
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????.
???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????.
- ?????? ?????(??????? <30%): ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???;
- ???? ???????(??????? 30%-60%): ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????;
- ?????? ????????(??????? > 60%): ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????.
?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????.
??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????.
2 - ?????? ????????
???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????.
????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????.
???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????.
??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? (????? ??????).
??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????.
?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????.
- ??? ?????> 0.2 ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????/????? ??????;
- ????????? ????????: ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? 0.5 ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? 20 ????? ?? ?????? ????????;
- ?????????? ???????: ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????.
3 - ??????

?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? (???) ??? ??? ???? ??????????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????.
???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???. ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????.
???? ??????:
- ????? ???? ???????? (Cl-) > 0.5 ???/???;
- ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????;
- ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? (>0.4 ???? ????? SCE).
???? ???????: - ????? ?????? ?????? ?? Al3? ?? ???? ????? ????? (???? ??????? ??? 2-3) ????? ??????? ???????-???? ???? ??????? ?????;
- ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? 0.1 ??/???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? > 10:1.
???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? (????? ?????). ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????.
4 - ???? ??????

?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????.
??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????.
???? ??????? ??????? ??????? (??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????) ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????:
- ??????? ???????:: ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? (Al→Al3?+3e-);
- ???? ???????:: ???? ?????? ?????? ?? Al3? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? Cl- ??? ???????;
- ??????:: ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ≈ 2? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? 0.1-0.5 ??.
?? ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????.
5 - ?????? ??? ??????? ????????
??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????.
???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ?? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? 6xxx ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????????.
????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? 2xxx ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? 5xxx ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????.
???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????:
- ??? 2xxx 2xxx:: ???? ????? CuAl? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? (????);
- ??? 5xxx:: ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? β ???????? (Mg?Al?Al?);
- ???????:: ???? ?????? ??????? T6 ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? 80%.
??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????.
6- ?????? ???????
?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????.
???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????.
???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????.
????? ????? 2xxx ?5xxx ?7xxx ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????:
????? ???????? ??????? ?????? EXCO ???? 48 ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? 10 ?????.
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (????? ??? ?????????? → ?????????? (OH) ? ?????? 6.3) ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? (>100 ???? ??????) ?? ????? ??????? ?????????;
???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????.
7 - ?????? ?????
????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.
????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????.
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????.
??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????.
??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????.
???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? (????? ??????????? 9):
- ???? ??????:: >1.2 ??/??? ??? ???? ??????????? 9;
- ???? ??? ???????? ?????? (65%) ?? ?????? ??? 0.001 ??/??? ???? ??????? ?????.
8 - ?????? ????????
???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????.
???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????.
???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ????????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????.
?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? 1 ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????.
????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? "??????? ???????". ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????.
???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? (????? ??????????? 9):
- ???? ??????:: >1.2 ??/??? ??? ???? ??????????? 9;
- ???? ??? ???????? ?????? (65%) ?? ?????? ??? 0.001 ??/??? ???? ??????? ?????.
???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????.
9 - ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? (SCC)

?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? (???? ???? ??? ???? SCC) ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????.
??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????.
????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????.
???? ??????:: ??????? ??????? (??? 7075-T6)? ????? ???? (> ??? ?????? 30%)? ??????? ??????? ?????? (????? Cl):
- ??? ??????:: ??? ??? ?????? (IGSCC) ?? ?? ???? ?????? (TGSCC);
- ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? (KISCC) ??? 30% ?? ????? ?????????.
???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? (IGSCC)? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? (TGSCC)? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????????.
10 - ???? ??????

???? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????.
???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????.
?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? 9. ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????.
???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????:
- ???? ?????(>5 ?/?) ???? ???? ???????;
- ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????;
- ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????? > 1 ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????.
???? ??? ??????-?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? (<9) ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????.
11 - ????? ??????
??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????.
???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????.
???? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????:
- 3.5% ?? ????? ?????? ???????? NaCl? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? 2024-T3 ??? 10% ?? ???? ????;
- ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ΔK (??? ???? ??? ???????) ??????? (?????? ?????? 10 ????).
?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????.
12 - ?????? ??????

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????. ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????.
?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????.
??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????. ???? ???????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????.
???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????:
- ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? (???? ??????????? ≈ 1-2) ???????? ??????? ?? ????? (???? ??????????? ≈ 10-12) ?????? ?????????????;
- ???? ?????? 0.1-0.5 ??/??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????.
???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
13 - ?????? ??????????????(MIC)
?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? MIC ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????/????????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????.
???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???????.
???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????.
?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? (SRB):
- ???? ?????? ?????????? H?S ?????? ???? ???????;
- ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????;
- ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????.
????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????.